Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

For keeping of quality and increase of adaptability of classical technical grapes varieties under the conditions of high repeatability of low-temperature stresses in the Southern Federal District the method of clonal selection is effective. This method allows to improve the adaptive potential of the introduced varieties for winemaking of high quality. Research objective is selection of the allocated clones of Saperavy grapes with hereditarily fixed traits of high productivity, the quality of wine production, the resistance to frosts, diseases and wreckers. The research were conducted using the agric and biological techniques which are recognized in the world practice and widely used in the grapes breeding. Four protoclones � FS 118-4, FS 104-48, FS 8-26, FS 90-5 were allocated on the average weight of bunches and a crop from a bush. Noted protoclones surpassed an average index of productivity on 12-14 %. When air temperature falls in 2012 to -20�C the greatest resistance to frosts showed FS 79-12, FS 104-48, FS 83-49, FS 96-39, FS 85-46, FS 104-3 protoclones (by quantity of the blossoming buds). The FS 58-46 protoclone showed the complex resistance to harmful organisms. On a complex of agribiological and adaptive indicators the protoclones of Saperavy grapes � 8-26, 83-49, 90-5, 104-3, 146-17, 104-48, 118-4 � are perspective for reproduction and wide practical application in the industrial production.

Annotation

The important link in the system of effective grapes cultivation is protection of plantings against pests and diseases. For the last 15-20 years the specific composition of pests on the industrial vineyards was considerably renovated and the new types of pests continue to appear in the personal subsidiary farms since the other various crops are near vineyards. The pests of these crops can use grapes as a forage plant and to influence essentially on its quality and productivity. The purpose of our research is to develop ecologically safe system of vineyards protection against a pests complex in the personal subsidiary farms. Research are carried out in six personal subsidiary farms, on the vineyards and other horticulture crops of Krasnodar, Anapa and Crimean areas through route inspections. The biological efficiency of chemical and biological insecticides was defined. It is shown that grapes protection against pests consists the organizational and agritechnical actions and application of chemical and biological means of protection. As a result of carried out research the complex of actions for vineyards protection against pests in the personal subsidiary farms is offered. To prevent the accumulation of the wintering pests capacity the treatment by insecticides of a chemical origin (Avant 0,03%, Fufanon 0,1%, Sumi-Alfa 0,5% etc.) after harvesting, and also in the spring on the first pests generations are offered. If these recommendations are observed the vineyards on seasonal dachas and personal subsidiary farms will be optimal protected from pests and thus the accumulation of the pesticides residues in the soil and grapes plant will considerably decrease.

Annotation

The grape-berry moth and bollworm which can significantly (on 20-100 %) reduce the productivity of vine plants on separate stages of ontogenesis are the stable harmful types of pests of Lepidoptera. For biological and ecological grapes protection against these pests the scientifically based methods to predict the dynamics of development (taking into account their harmfulness) under different weather conditions are required. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region the biology of grape-berry moth is the most studied from Lepidoptera pests. Bollworm is polyphage and relatively new pest of vineyards. In accordance with the objective of study the monitoring of dynamics of grape-berry moth and bollworm is carried out on the plots where the number of imago of bollworm and the harmful stage of second and third generation of the pest are determined. These study are directed for obtaining of new knowledge about the biology bollworm under the influence of abiotic and technogenic factors. It is shown that pheromones may be by criterion tool to define of density of settling of plants of bollworm and a great way to refine the time of its treatments by protective means and even to be a method to reduce in number of pest. It is noted that in the fight against grape-berry moth more than 30 preparations of chemical and biological origins are allowed to use and the choice of protective means depends on the degree of settling of vineyards by grape-berry moth. When the settlement of vineyards is low the Lepidocid provides the high biological efficiency. It is established that at strong settling of vineyards of grape-berry moth the sufficient effect is provided by Pirineks, Avant, Insegar and B-58 new.

Annotation

Grapes varieties are considerably differ on a susceptibility to harmful organisms and protection of plants requires the various frequency rate of application of protection means. Now the much attention is paid to a foundation of plantings of table grapes varieties in the farms and it is expediently to place them rational on the plots for implementation of effective protection of vineyards. The work's purpose is to scientifically justify the principles of placement of table grapes varieties at new squares in the South of Russia. The results of long-term inspections of vineyards of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. Field resistance of the zoned and perspective grapes varieties to harmful organisms is shown and frequency rate of plants processings by fungicides against causative agents of diseases is given. The influence of quality of a landing material on its survival is noted. The resistance of grapes to harmful organisms was studied in the Anapa�s Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station and at the Kuban State Agrarian University. The grades of injuriousness of harmful organisms are determined by the standard techniques. Quality of landing material is estimated on external traits, existence of pathogens and survival of plants. It is established that grapes survival depends in strong degree on defeat of saplings by a bacterial cancer. For grapes protection against phytopathogens it is necessary during vegetation to conduct from 1-2 till 10-12 and more processings by fungicides, so it is inexpedient to select to one massif the varieties with various resistance to harmful organisms. The principle of grapes varieties selection for placement to one massif are the terms of maturing and uniform technology of plantings protection from harmful organisms. It is necessary to organise the new plantings by a landing material free from a bacterial cancer.