Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Talash Anna
Articles in journal: (total 16)
THE METHODS OF ACTIVIZATION OF ADAPTATIONAL REACTIONS OF GRAPES TO THE STRESS FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENT
The different ways and methods of activization of adaptational reactions of grapes to the various stress conditions of growing environment are examined in the article.
In the pilot study on vineyards of the Rostov Region it is established that by optimization of the scheme of bushes planting the efficiency of lands use and the efficiency of plantings productivity are increasing. In case of dense landing it is possible to receive the required amount of grapes from the smaller area of plantings. Considering the relevance of a problem of rational use of land resources in the productional process of grapes and insufficient study of influence of the scheme of bushes planting in the perennial plantings, we have set the object is to reveal the optimal scheme and density of bushes planting using the criterions of productivity for increase in efficiency of use of land resources in the wine growing branch. The reliable influence of the different scheme and density of bushes landing to change of efficiency of grapes plantings under the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture of the South of Russia is established. The research are carried out on Riesling Rhine vineyards in the stationary two factorial field experiment with a different width of row-spacings and different distance between bushes under the conditions of the increased solar insolation, uneven falling of atmospheric precipitations and their deficit during the main periods of vegetation. Under the abnormal weather conditions the vineyards were put according to the scheme 3,5×1,0 and 3,0×1,5 meters have the greatest efficiency. In these options at the density of planting of 2857 and 2222 bushes on hectare the productivity of grapes was the greatest, on average is 12,25 t/hectare. Receiving the same harvest with other schemes of bushes planting will require to use the bigger land area. It convincingly proves the need of application of the optimized ways of bushes grapes planting for effective use of land resources in the agricultural production.
The degree of defeat of grapes plants by harmful organisms depends on biological features of the cultivated varieties and their adaptive potential and efficiency of protective measures. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region now there are about 30 harmful organisms capable to destroy more than 10% of a harvest and even to cause the death of bushes. The wine prepared from grapes of the sick bushes is worse on qualitative indexes that the wine materials from grapes of healthy bushes. Our task is to study the influence of the scheme of planting of Riesling grapes bushes on a phytosanitary condition of plantings. Adaptive reaction of plants in case of different schemes of landing was researched. Research is carried out under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area, the central subband of wine growing of Krasnodar Region (Anapa). The observations of a phytosanitary condition of grapes plants during their vegetation we carried out using a technique of evaluation of varieties resistance to the dominating harmful organisms. In the article the results of studying of a susceptibility of plants to harmful organisms at the different density of landing of Riesling grapes bushes are presented. The steady tendency of spreading and strengthening of intensity of mildew development is established in case of increase in density of bushes planting. The greatest spread and intensity of disease development were observed in the grapes plantings in case of density of bushes planting 2,0 × 1,0 m, the smallest spread - at the landing density of bushes - 3,5 × 2,0 m. It is shown that degree of grapes defeat increases in case of decrease of row-spacings width from 3,5 to 2,0 m and in case of decrease of distance between bushes from 2,0 to 1,0 m, irrespective of row-spacings width.
A new approach to definition determining the harmfulness of pests and diseases in vineyards is offered that allows differentiat-edly to approach to modeling systems for the protection of plantations on the basis of a phytosanitary condition of the plantation, stability of the sort, the prevailing weather conditions and type of damage the pest. Be able to do the high-quality protection of vineyards and reduce consumption of pesti-cides by 25-30%.
The modern concept of stable grapes production is based on the strategy of formation of steady agric cenosis with use of biotic and abiotic potential of high-adaptive varieties. The main harmful organisms in the vineyards of the South of Russia are mildew, anthranose, a bacterial cancer and others. At the defeat process of plants they break their growth processes, reduce the biological and economical efficiency and reduce the operation term of grapes plantings. Therefore there is the high need for grapes varieties steady against biotic and abiotic factors of environment. The purpose of this work is selection of genotypes steady against chronic diseases for use in breeding and industrial production. Research of influence of a phytosanitary condition of vineyards on growth and fruitage of V. Vinifera grapes varieties of different origin groups is carried out in the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of wine growing (Anapa). The objects of study five groups of grapes varieties of different ecological and geographical origin are used. The monitoring of phytosanitary status of grapes plants during their vegetation is carried out using the methods of estimation of grapes varieties resistance to the dominant harmful organisms. It is established that under abnormal weather conditions the greatest resistance to a bacterial cancer and an infectious chlorosis have the intraspecific hybrids; next in the decreasing order the Convar orientalis Negr follow. (East Asian), Convar pontica Negr. (coasts of the Black Sea), Convar occidentalis Negr. (West European) are followed. The variation of degree of varieties resistance to harmful organisms is also observed within each group. It is shown that the level of productivity of grapes bushes is in the close negative dependence from degree of plants defeat by mildew.