Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Viruses are the dangerous pathogens of garden crops and they widely extend with the infected planting material. The fight against viruses in the field conditions is impossible therefore the transfer of plant nursery to a virus-free basis and a strict following to require-ments of planting material's certification. The purpose of our research is a studying of viruses spreading on fruit and berry crops in the conditions of the Central Re-gion of Russia. Research was conducted in 2013-2016 in the orchards of the Moscow, Bryansk, Belgorod and Ryazan regions. Data of carried out research show that the viruses contamination of studied pome crops was varied within 43-71%, the stone fruit crops 40-59%, berry crops 16-67%. The apple varieties and rootstocks in general were less infected by latent viruses in comparison with pear vatieties and rootstocks. There are ASPV and ACLSV viruses on the apple and pear varieties; there are ACLSV virus on the apple clonal rootstocks; the ASGV and ApMV viruses are on the pear rootstocks. The ilarviruses of PNRSV and PDV had the greatest distribution on the stone fruit crops. High-er frequency of occurrence is noted on raspberry for the RBDV and RpRSV viruses; on a blackcurrant and a gooseberry for the RpRSV virus; on a strawberry for the TBRV virus. The plants, free from the main harmful viruses, are revealed: of apple-tree 13 varieties, pear 8, cherry 9, plum 4, sweet cherry 4, clonal rootstocks, stocks of an apple-tree 3, clonal rootstocks of the stone fruit crops 11, raspberry 22, a strawberry 9, a gooseberry 15, currants black and red for 5 varieties.
The results of monitoring in the period 2014-2016 of the mycopatogen complex structure of the stone fruit crops, in the Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The trees part above ground was studied. It is established that in the region conditions the incubation period for CL. carpophilum under optimal conditions continues 3-4 days, and varies within 3-9 days, depending on temperature. The most active plants inoculation occurs when the temperature of + 20 ... + 26 . For . hiemalis pathogen it is marked the adaptation to high temperatures: the ability to endure the temperature above +30 without loss of viability. The high relative humidity (70-98 %, including the rains and fogs) and reduced air temperature (average daily air temperature of + 7 17 º ) contribute to the rapid spreading of Monilia cinerea Bonord. on apricot and cherry to 90 %, on sweet cherry and plum from 10 % to 35 %. The frosty plum trees are often defeated by Polystigma rubrum DC. The distribution of Cytospora sp. on stone fruit crops was increased from isolated manifestations up to 10-15 %, primarily in the gardens, weakened by abiotic stresses. After two years of depression in spring time the epiphytotic defeat by Taphrina pruni Tul. was revealed. The first signs of fruit strain are noted in 12-15 days after flowering, but the fruits of relatively resistant varieties are defeated in 30-35 days. The creating of fungal patocomplex on generative and vegetative organs of stone fruit crops was increased. The new pathogens types of Gloesporium sp., Gloesporium cerasi vulgaris Lindau; Syll., Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem., Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schw.) Schoem.), Leptothyrium sp. were appeared.
The results of research on study of specific composition of the sucking vermins in the stone fruit plantings of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The research has shown that among phytophages the important place is taken by insects from group of homopterous plant louses (Aphidinea), from group akariformny pincers are herbivorous galloobrazuyushchy pincers (Eriophyidae) and web pincers (Tetranychidae). The comparative analysis of development of the plam's dominating sucking vermins has revealed that the greatest damage of plants is noted at the end of a season and it is connected also with influence of an anthropogenous factor. The terms of phytophages development differ on the years and depend from a complex of abiotic and biotic factors. It is shown that in connection with long spring falls of temperature the terms of development of the gray pollinated plant louse were changed. The long spring with periodic decreases in temperature and rains of storm character has changed the terms of mass appearance of an ordinary web tick for the end of May the beginning of June that for 25 days later than annual terms. Increase in number of vermins that have had the focal spreading, such as plum pseudo scale is noted. For the Japanese cicada butterfly of Ricania japonica Mel-ichar (Ricaniidae, Homoptera) and a felt cicada (Metcalfa prunosa Say) the extension of an injuriousness area has established. The phytosanitary monitoring which is carried out by us in the stone fruits orchards of Krasnodar Region shows the noticeable functional and structural changes in the entomocomplexes of the sucking vermins under the influence of the changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main manifestations of such transformations are the expansion of a specific variety of harmful objects in the orchards of the stone fruit crops, and also the growth of populations number of specific types.
The research of a rizospfere's nematofauna and mycobiota, and also interaction between their components in the strawberry agricultural cenoses in the South of Russia is the urgent problem that have not only scientific, but also practical value. For the first time in the bio cenotic research in a united complex the nematode-mycotic infection was studying. In the course of the research the main groups of the phytopathogens in the phytopathocomplex of strawberry are revealed. On the roots and in a root rizosphere there are nematodes, funguses and bacterias. The components of the main trophic levels in the rizosphere's nematocomplexes of a strawberry are identified. It is established that the situations of a monoinfection and pronounced domination of components of the studied strawberry's phytophatocomplex in the region are very rarely noted. It is marked that spreading, injuriousness and ratios of various phytopathogens groups and various ecological and trophic groups of nematodes to a marked degree fluctuate in connection of the seasons and cultivation conditions. The next regularities have revealed in the processes of carried out research: in case the number of phytoparasitic nematodes is higher, the studied strawberry varieties were defeated by Fusarium agent stronger. In the conditions of the region it isn't revealed the strawberry varieties without root decay. All strawberry varieties were defeated in a different degree. In the orchards of Marmolada, Honey and Aromas strawberries 9-11% of the roots of plants affected with mycoses are noted. It is shown that separate strains of bacteria's and fungus antagonists effectively suppressed the parasitic micro flora of the part pf plants above ground-level and also when processing of strawberry root system by them. The majority of the estimated domestic biopesticides have had the high biological efficiency when the plants were processing before planting.
At present, the prospect of increasing in the efficiency of protective measures in the vine orchards can be achieved with the development on the modern level of environmental approaches to the improvement of plant protection practices taking into account the features of the resort areas of Crimea. The purpose of our research was studying of efficiency of natural origin preparation of domestic production, the working off of regulations of their application for effective control of mildew, oidium, gray and sour decay, the increase in yilding of grapes orchards that is extremely urgent direction of research today. Laying of experiences and accounting were carried out using the standard techniques in the vine growing and protection of plants. Intensity of diseases defeat of a grapes bush organs in the experiment's options was compared to control option (without processings) and to a standard option (use of chemical fungicides by 100% to norm). The results of studying of the using effeciency of Bactofit, SK and Agat-25K, FP bio-logical agents for control of diseases in grapevine orchards of the South-Western and Southern coast viticultural zones of Crimea in the period of 2014-2016 are presented in this article. On the basis of carried out research the time-limit for the application of the biological protective agents in the integrated system of vines protec-tive measures has been established, taking into account the peculiarities of the culture and the pathogenic pathway of the epiphitotiously hazardous diseases. The data obtained in an experiment show that Baktofit application, SK and Agate-25K, TPS increase in the quantity of grapes harvest of the Muscat Yantarny (for 7,6%), Rkatsiteli (for 8,6% and 13%) and the Muscat Bely (for 11,6% and 10,7%) and improve the qualitative characteristics of these varieties.
We carried out a two-year research in the affected by phytoplasma disease (Bois noir) Chardonnay vineyards in the South-West zone of Crimea. In 2014, when 26.8 % of the vine bushes have been demonstrated the symptoms of phytoplasma disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 2.5 affected shoots per bush, we found a significant reduction in the average number of bunches on the affected bushes, specifically by 34.5 %; the average bunch weight was reduced by 23.5 %; the estimated vine yield went down by 50.4 %. In 2015, when 62.7 % of vines showed the symptoms of the disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 3.7 affected shoots per bush, the reduction in the average bunch weight reached 61.7 %, that of the vine yield 66.7 %. Monitoring of Auchenorrhyncha revealed four native species that can act as phytoplasma vectors spreading the disease from the infected to healthy plants: Hyalesthes obsoletus, Hyalesthes luteipes, Reptalus panzer, Fieberiella florii. The number of the pests was 1-5 samples in a trap during June-September period. When studying the possibility of reducing the negative impact of Bois noir on grape-vines in case of using plant growth bioactivators K-Humate-Na + Gumasporin and Sana-Tam, as well as bactericide Fitoplazmin (water-soluble concentrate) we werent able to obtain reliable data on curbing the spread of phytoplasmos with the abovementioned drugs under test rates and frequency of treatments. Removing the affected vine shoots resulted in 14.8 % reduction of the number of affected by Bois noir plants and reduction in the damage degree by 1.2 times. Combining agricultural practices with experimental preparations had, to varying degrees, a positive impact on certain quantitative yield indicators; the influence on sugar content in the juice of the berries has not been established. The obtained results are preliminary; the research will be continued.
Now the phytosanitary destabilization in the agricultural ecosystems of the Russian Federation produced the special requirements to the choice of both means, and technologies of restriction of the most dangerous biotrof types. Due to the observed change of prepotent types among the main economic significant types of vermins in the fruit orchards the detailed studying of the appeared dominants for the development of scientifically based protective measures is the actual direction of research. In the Krasnodar Region the two-lined pyralid moth has been noted in 2002 in the peach orchards by of Yarysheva I.A. In 2005 in a Northern zone of gardening this vermin caused the serious damage in the apple gardens. In the recent years the pyralid moth damages practically all fruit crops. Data of multi-year research on studying of fly dynamics of two-lined pyralid moth and biological features of her development are presented in the article. It is defined that the pupation of the wintering caterpillars of the vermin is beginning with approach of steady average daily temperature +10 +12º. Process of pupation of caterpillars continues 10-15 days. The comparative analysis of development of an apple codling moth and a two-lined pyralid moth has shown that the period of lay eggs by female of a two-lined pyralid moth coincides with the beginning of produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The beginning of produce of caterpillars of a pyralid moth coincides with a mass produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The same tendency is noted in the second and third generations of vermins. Thus follows that against a two-lined pyralid moth it is necessary to carry out eight processings, six of which can be combined with processings against an apple codling moth. The insecticides having expectation term not more than 10-15 days are recommended: voliam flexi, proclaim, calipso, lannat or avant.
At the present stage of development of fruit growing the elaboration of new technically and economically effective approaches to cultivation and protection of fruit crops dictates the need of scientific based control of the number of harmful and useful components of an agricultural cenosis of fruit garden. Research on dynamics f specific composition of phytophages and identification of the prevalence types in the fruit orchards acquire a special relevance. The purpose of this work is to carry out the analysis of a phytosanitary condition of fruit orchards of the Crimea, to establish the changes of taxonomical structure and their reasons, to select the economically significant and dominating species of phytophages. The research was carried out in 2002-2016 in the fruit orchards of three regions of Crimea. The specific and quantitative structure of arthropods in the gardens was defined according to methodical recommendations. An analysis of the dynamics entomofauna changes in the fruit orchards of Crimea are presented in the article. It is established that the protection means applicated in the technologies of fruit crops growing are responsible for the formation of a certain group of dominant phytophagouses. It was found that during the period from 2002 to 2016 in the apple orchards the Lepidoptera share decreased in 8.0 %, Homoptera and Coleoptera remained were at the same level, and the share of phytophagous mites increased in 7% due to the appearance of species not previously encountered. It is noted that the pear gardens occupy only 10% of the territory because this crop is more exacting to conditions of cultivation, storage and protection. The prevalence phytophage is Psylla pyri L., reducing the commodity fruits qualities of 2/3 harvest, when expenses up to 140 thousand rub/hectare during the season.
The purpose of research is the improving of protection system of vineyards against a grapes berry moth, considering her bioecology, the weather anomalies and the elements of agricultural technologies. The results of the author long-term inspections of vineyards of Krasnodar Region on population of grapes berry moth are presented in the article, the dynamics of change of its injuriousness is shown, the biological features of vermin's development in the covered and uncovered zones of wine growing with the varieties of various terms of maturing are specified. It is established that the temperature within +15+30 C is necessary for normal development of the vermin and the relative humidity of air more than 50 %. In winter the moth there is in a pupa stage on a grapes bush. During the winter in the uncovered zone of viticulture for various reasons from 15 to 35 % of pupas were dead, and in the covered zone from 40 to 86 %. In the last 5-6 years these indicators have been decreased from 3 to 30 % and from 35 to 75%, respectively. It is noted that at death over 50 % of pupas during the winter period the other approach to protection of vineyards against the vermins is necessary. It is shown that the viability and the fertility of a grapes berry moth depends on weather conditions. At sharp decrease in air temperature to +5... +10 C the pair individuals don't occur, and in time of long (7-10 days) period of temperature increasing the posterity is impractical. The phytosanitary condition of grapes orchards also exerts impact on the injuriousness of caterpillars: the grapes bunches with oidium the grapes berry moth doesn't occupy. In this case the correction of terms and frequency rate of application of biological preparations or insecticides is necessary. In the article the recommendations which need to be followed for receiving of ecologically safe grapes harvest are given.
Grapes berry moth is the dangerous grapes vermin feeding on the buds, flowers, young ovaries, green and ripe berries that leads to essential losses of a harvest of grapes orchards. In the article it is noted that last years in the conditions of Low Pre Don the injuriousness of a grapes berry moth has grown significantly to economically significant threshold that it is possibly o explain with increase in average annual air temperature in the region up to +11 C (usual annual temperature of +9,4 C). This problem demands of the search of effective fight measures against a vermin. The objects of our research are the perennial grapes plants of different varieties. For the control of number of grapes berry moth population in the grapes orchards we used the alarm pheromone traps in the experiments and we also carried out the accounting and the subsequent protective measures in compliance with the methodical recommendations. According to the date of carried out research it is established that the increase in average annual air temperature in the region to +11 C promoted the increase in injuriousness of a grapes berry moth in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties. The spreading of a grapes berry moth during the plants vegetation period was uneven. It is shown that the second vermin's generation was the most harmful taking into consideration the quantity of the caught butterflies (20 individuals in a trap per day) and the number of damaged grapes bunches. In 2015 in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties the insecticide Insegar has been twice applied; in 2016 we consistently alternated a biological preparation of Lepidotsid and an insecticide of Pirineks Super. It is established that effective protective actions with use of these preparations, and also the elimination of the spreading center of a grapes berry moth promoted in 2016 to essential decrease in its number.
Manage environmental and food safety
Krasnodar Region is one of the main regions of the Russian Federation on production of fruits and berries. Defeat of fruit crops by fungal diseases belongs to the factors limiting the orchards yield capacity and of production standard. The activator of mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm. is in the group of the dominating pathogens capable to cause essential losses of apple harvest. The spreading and inju-riousness of mildew are defined by the variety's susceptibility degree, weather conditions of plants vegetation, especially during the periods of the greatest susceptibility of an apple-tree to a disease, and also by a complex of the protective measures carried out in the fruit orchards. Due to the increase in frequency of stressful weather situations in the Southern region of Russia the urgent direction of research is definition of protection features of apple-tree orchards against mildew under the changing weather conditions. The changes in the bio-ecological features of powdery mildew pathogen of apple trees in the Krasnodar Region connected with a climate changes are identified by research of 2011-2015. The tendency of increase in the intensity of infection and the tendency of increase in the pathogen populations quantity at less responsive and resistant apple varieties are marked. It is shown that with increasing in number of stressful weather conditions the using of the resistant varieties to powdery mildew is not the main economically significant way to control the disease. It is proved that the creation of the apples protection against powdery mildew should take into account the damage of trees by environment stress-factors. To prevent the explosive epiphytoties it is necessary to carry out the whole complex of the protective measures not only in the highly responsive varieties, but also in all groups of resistance varieties to disease.
Greening of plant's protection system is possible only with transition to the methods alternative to chemical methods. The refusal from insecticides and the use of other methods of decrease in number of population of harmful insects is the most real way of decrease in a pesticides capacity in the intensive gardening. This article shows the results of experiments to determine the efficiency of the method of disorientation with the help of "Shin Etsu" in comparison with the traditional system of apple-tree's protection with insecticides. The experience was carried out in the foothill area of North Ossetia-Alania Republic in the HPC "De-Gusto" with scab immune apple cultivar of liberty. In the process of research it has been estimated that during the harvesting period the efficiency of both variants of experience was 100%: neither in the crown of the trees nor in the fallen fruits the damaged fruits by Codling moth was not detected. A big part of fruits of second grade in the harvest was caused by heavy shedding of fruits in connection with weather heat and yield overload. The average yield in case of use of "Shin Etsu" amounted to 17.3 kg/tree of first grade fruits and 3.2 kg/tree second grade fruits; in the option of insecticides use respectively, 17.7 kg/tree. The obtained results indicate that "Shin Etsu" is an alternative equivalent to insecticides applied against Codling moth, that carrying the main toxic load in the integrated system of plants protection. If in the garden agrocenosis there are not aphids, mites and other species of protogoras and scoop, in this case it is possible to cultivate any varieties without insecticides. When these types of harmful entomofauna are presented one or two specific treatments may be required against them. However, even in this case the environmentally friendly insecticidal protection of fruits orchards significantly increase.
The purpose of this work is scientific confirmation of technogenic influence of pesticides as one of the main environmental problems of industrial wine growing. The analysis of long-term technogenic impact of pesticides on agrogrounds of industrial vineyards is carried out. The ability of pesticides to bio accumulation in the soil and their migration in "soil-plant-grapes" ecosystem is established. It is shown that the pollution monitoring of toxic elements in the "soil production" system is necessary for improvement of an ecological condition of grapes plantings. It is noted that the analysis of the obtained information will allow to develop the agrotechnical manipulations on decrease in technogenic impact of toxic chemicals on an ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The research were carried out in the vine growing zones of the South of Kuban (The Temryuk district) on industrial orchards of specialized farms. Objects of our research is the grapes varieties of table and technical direction. The toxic remains were defined in the soil and in the ripened grapes. The modern method of monitoring of vineyards developed and patented in the toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V was used in the research. The residual amounts of pesticides in the soil and grapes were determined by using of well-known techniques. According to the inspection on soil impurity by pesticides during 2006-2014 we have established the ecologically dangerous plots. There are vineyards with excess of maximum allowable concentration of the defined pesticides groups: on one plot are 20 hectares (3, 8%), and on two other plots 180 hectares (34, 3%), and on three plots 95 hectares (18 %). It is defined the coefficients of a translocation (Ktr) of pesticides from the soil in the grapes and the dependence of these coefficients from the level of the soil pollution by the toxic remains: the low extent of pollution up to 0,35; average extent up to 0,45; the high level of impurity up to 0,57. On the basis of the obtained data the method of ecological and toxicological monitoring of grapes orchards was developed and patented.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The method of clonal plants micro reproduction in vitro is one of basic elements of technology of production of the crop's revitalized planding material. It is known that for each new variety it is required the carrying out all of elements of improvement technique: the selection of optimal ratios of elements of nutrient mediums (micro and macro elements, vitamins, growth substances, etc.), the determination of optimal terms of in vitro introduction, the search of safe and effective sterilizers. In the horticulture of the South of Russia there is an annual assortment replenishment of new fruit varieties, so it is required the modification of technique for cultivation of these varieties. The purpose of our research is selection of the effective sterilizing agent for introduction in vitro of plum varieties. The objects of research are the preparations used for the surface disinfection of the explants in the process of introduction in vitro. The carried out research have shown that the greatest exit of viable explants is noted when processing by mercury iodide an average 82 %. Death of explants from an infection in this option is 8 % (the lowest among the studied options), a necrosis of explants an average 10 %, it is also the one of the lowest indexes in an experiment. The highest level of an infection is determined in a control option, when washing of plum explants by the distilled water an average 72 %. In the option of processing by the distilled water (control) the necrosis of apexes is an average 10 % that testifies of weak phytotoxic infection of this way of explants preparing in the process of plum reproduction.
The damage of grapes wood organs by mycoses in various degree cause the deterioration in the general phytosanitary condition of vineyards up to irreversible. The systematic research on studying of this group of grapes diseases in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia weren't conducted throughout the entire period of crop cultivation. In this regard there was a need of deeper studying of the infection complex associated with weakening of productional potential of modern vineyards of the West Ciscaucasian region. The aim of our work was clarification of the reasons of defeat of grapes wood parts, the identification and the analysis of mycoflora of tracheomycoses patocomplexes. The grapes plants with various signs of growth weakening up to drying and microflora of the damaged wood parts were the objects of our research. The phytosanitary monitoring about 2,5 thousand hectares of grapes orchards has been carried out. It is shown that the development of the tracheomycoses complexes was preceded by strong stressful impact on grapes plants of abnormal weather conditions of 2014-2015. As a result, the conducting system of grapes plants has been broken and there the fungeus patoflora began to develop later. The weakening of a sap flow due to vessel stopping up has led to decrease in metabolism of grapes bushes in general. Extent of decrease in activity of metabolic processes in the plants depended on extent of stress influence and extent of mycopatoflora's develop-ment. The withering and the drying of grapevine organs (leaves, bunches, shoots) were the external manifestation of the revealed nonspecific tracheomycosises which have developed after winter and spring frosting of organs and they intensified after a summer drought. We made a conclusion that the monitoring at a stage of nurseries should be carried out not only on specific tracheomycoses infections, but also on nonspecific infections and it demands a special attention.