Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the conditions of local and global climate change, the problem of optimizing the grape range is topical for the industry of Russian viticulture. The purpose of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of grape varieties of different ecogeographical origin under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia, the revealing of the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and industrial production. The work was carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory on the ampelographical collection (Ana-pa) in 2007-2015. As a research object, grape varieties of different groups were used according to their ecological and geographic origin, intraspecific and interspecies hybrids. In the process of research the varietal differences were established and grape varieties were distinguished for a combination of positive features for use in breeding and industrial production. On adaptivity to minimum air temperatures in abnormal weather conditions, wintering (-20 � C), varieties of interspecies hybrids are identified. They have got the highest degree of discordance of buds after wintering � 68 %, and the smallest proportion of blooming duds was in the varieties Convar occidentalis Negr. � 55%. Convar orientalis Negr was the largest group of bunches. � 293.1 g. The highest yield the grapes of intraspecific hybrids showed � 8.22 kg / bush, the lowest yield (5.91 kg / bush) and the highest sugar content and glucoacidometric index were in Convar occidentalis Negr. According to the set of positive features, the grapes varieties of Barkhatny, Murvedr, Stepniak and Tarnau are promising for use in breeding and industrial production in the agroecological conditions of Southern Russia.

Annotation

Methods of the breeding acceleration are aimed to obtaining the greatest number of seedlings and rapid entry into fruitage. Due to contamination by phylloxera the cultivation of own-rooted hybrid nursery grapes is difficult, a large percentage of seedlings is ruined and did not come into fruitage. This work is aimed at increasing in efficiency of the breeding process due to receiving of more hybrid seeds and conservation of genofund. This is achieved by more effective pollination of inflorescences and more hybrid seeds while reducing the volume of castration, increase in germination of seeds and vitality of seedlings, transfer of hybrid nursery in inoculated culture in the early stages of development of seedlings, with following selection and study of elite seedlings already in the nursery grafted hybrid that eliminates the premature death of the hybrid seedlings from phylloxera. To increase in the yield of hybrid seeds it is recommended the treatment of maternal inflorescences forms by physiological active substances as Krezatsin and Sweet 3-5 days before flowering. At the stage of sowing seeds � soak hybrid seeds in the solution of growth regulators for 1 hour: Krezatsin, Mival, Zircon and Emistim. At the stage of seedlings growing in the first year it is recommended three treatments of seedlings with a solution of growth regulators: Nikfan, Bigus, Larixin and Zircon. The application of growth regulators allows us to transfer the seedlings by the method of green grafting on rootstock bushes in the first or second year of life, that saves them from premature ruin from phylloxera and accelerates the timing of the fruiting stage of 2 times. As a result, the efficiency of the breeding process increases due to earlier time of seedlings selection to the elite and reducing of seedlings loss from phylloxera of 2-10 times.

Annotation

The article presents the ways to solve the problems arising during the acclimatization of test tubes plants to non-sterile environmental conditions when creating the collections of healthy grapes in the open field. The main often problems in adapting to non-sterile conditions are the low survival rate of plants and their slow development in the initial period. These aspects can slow down the creation of healthy collections of varieties and promising hybrid forms of grapes in the open field. In order to improve survival and stimulate the development of post vitro grape plants, the effectiveness of the use of new generation of preparation was studied. A positive aftereffect of a new generation of Melafen preparation, added to the culture medium during in vitro culture, is shown for subsequent adaptation to non-sterile conditions. It was found that the use of Melafen in the initial stage of adaptation (30 days), contributes to the improvement of plant survival rates and development. In the future (after 60 days), the weakened aftereffect of the drug and leveling of development indica-tors are noted. The results of the study of the new generation of Siliplan and Lignohumate Potassium preparations for increasing in the adaptability of the in vitro of sanated aboriginal Don grape varieties when their planting them in non-sterile environmental conditions are presented. The best variant of the experiment was a variant with the use of potassium Lignohumate. At the same time, there was a clear tendency to improve the survival and development of the root system in all studied varieties. The positive effect of Siliplan-U using was at the control level. The research is supported by the program for the development of bioresource collections of FAO (� 0705-2017-0016).

Annotation

Strawberry garden grows in the most regions of Russia, but it is demanded to a great extent of water regime and mineral nutrition. This crop are equally sensitive to both waterlogging and lack of moisture in the soil. The drought during the period of ovary growth and fruiting declines in particular the strawberry yield. Fertigation and drip irrigation are the elements of intensive technology of growing horticultural crops. The task of our research is to determine the contribution of genotype, environment factors and their interaction to the yield of strawberry at various ways of plants fertilizing and drip irrigation. The area of research is the Leninsky District of the Moscow Region. Varieties of strawberry garden are Honey, Rusich, Troitskaya, Dukat. The research show that these varieties are resistant to unfavorable conditions of the Non-chernozem zone and they have a high potential yield capacity. The use of fertigation with soil mulching by geotextile and preliminary application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers increase in influence harvest. The reliable influence the factors of the variety (genotype) and the conditions of the year in all variants of the experiment was established using two-factor analysis of variance. In addition, the factors interaction significantly affected the yield. Compared to the control, during the fertilization of strawberry plantations with a solution of mineral fertilizers he interaction of the factors did not significantly effected the yield, an increase in random factors was observed. Mulching of the soil with geotextile reduced the degree of influence the yield of environmental conditions and increased in the influence of the variety. Fertigation with a solution of higher concentration increased in the impact on strawberry yield of random factors.

Annotation

The most important criterions for optimizing the construction parameters of the orchard are the level of technogenic loads, the payback period of capital investments, the productivity of trees through the use of special systems for the formation of crowns, etc. For the current level of development of the fruit growing industry, the urgency of creating fruit trees with a leaf canopy that actively uses light and assimilates PhAR by method of surgical treatment of the crown is due, first of all, to the economic aspect of organizing stable fruits production in an unstable environment. The solution of this task in 2015-2017 the works on the implementation of a resource-saving control system elaborated in the NCRRIH&V for the stereometric parameters of "crown-row" in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in young orchards of the middle-apple tree of the winter ripening was devoted. The object of research is the apple-tree of 2012 landing on the MM106 rootstock of the Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delishes varieties in the industrial plantations of the "Sady Predgoria" (Seversky District, Krasnodar Territory) in gray forest-steppe soils. The introduction of the formation system "crown-row" was carried out in 2013. For 4 years after planting, the plantation structure already had the appearance of a continuous series of trees, the crowns of which were a single structural unit. As a result of the works on the introduction of the system for the formation of the "crown-row" apple-tree in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar Territory, a rational design of apple tree plantations was established on a mid-growth rootstock, which makes it possible to effectively increase in the level of intensification of fruit production by increasing in the density of plants, reducing the labor costs for trees cutting and sustainable growth of apple tree productivity.

Annotation

The article presents the study of efficiency of special fertilizers in their tank mixtures with plant protection products. The research were carried out in the conditions of the western foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory on gray forest-steppe soils in the period 2016-2017. The object of study is the apple-tree of Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious varieties on the MM106 rootstock. The trees are planting in 2012. The productivity of apple trees was considered as the main criterion for the effectiveness of fertilizers in tank mixes evaluated in the experiment. For the preparation of tank mixtures next fertilizers are used: Aquarine 5 (18: 18: 18 + 2Mg + 1,5S), Aquarin 13 (13:41:13) and Aquarin 15 (3: 11: 38 + 3Mg + 9S). The introduction of fertilizers into the working solution of protective means was carried out in the main phenophases of the apple-tree development. The results of biological observations showed that in the process of complex application of plant protection means with fertilizers, the dropping of the ovary decreases: the number of preserved full-bodied ovaries in experimental apple plants increased in 1.2-3.0 % (2016) and 4.5-5.5 % (2017) in comparison with the variant without the addition of fertilizers in the working solution of the preparations. This indicator varied depending on the variety: the productivity of apple plants in the indicated variant of the experiment increased in 5.2-10.8 %. Yield capacity of apple-tree in the age-related "growth and fruitage" was 11-25 t/hectare. In addition, we studied the productivity of trees per square meter of the projection area of the crowns. It was found that when the complex application of fertilizers in a tank mixture with the plant protection means, this indicator was higher by 5.6-10.9 %.

Annotation

Ukraine is one of the few countries that are on par with the most famous wine regions of France, so here it is possible to produce high-quality brands of wines valuable over the world. One of the reserves to increase in the yield and quality of viticulture products is the use of growth regulators. The purpose of this research was to study the influence of Biolan and Vympel growth regulators on the quality of grapes and wine materials of classic white Aligote and Rkatsiteli varieties. Experiments in Aligote plantings showed a significant influence the studied preparations on the yield and quality of grapes and wine. The increase in the mass of the bunch under the influence of the preparations led to a higher yield in the experimental variants, and the quality indicators also improved. The highest yield from the bush was obtained with the Biolan preparation (0.52 kg more control), the yield in this variant increased by 22%. The Vympel increased in the yield from the bush by 0.44 kg, and the yield by 18.7%. The Biolan increased the yield of Rkatsiteli by 26.3%, the Vympel increased this index by 25.5%. The acidity index of berries juice in both varieties of grapes when processing plants with Biolan and Vympel preparations was lower by 0.7-1.4 g / dm3 below the control. The economic analysis have showed the expediency of using of preparations Biolan and Vympel in the cultivation of white grapes varieties of Aligote and Rkatsiteli. The level of profitability in the case of using the Vympel preparation was higher.

Annotation

Optimization of plant nutrition at the current stage is due to the expansion of the assortment of fertilizers, justification of the timing and dosage of their application. The activation of growth processes through a differentiated approach to the use of fertilizers is one of the effective methods that affect the yield of grafted grapes. The aim of the carried out study is to determine the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing with Microel, Raicat Start, Terraflex start, to determine the effect of foliar fertilizing on biometric indices of plant development and the yield of grafted grape seedlings. When setting up the experiment, a variant of foliar fertilizing of plants with Carbamide fertilizer (standard) was used. The control variant is cultivation without additional mineral nutrition. The objects of research were the grapes varieties of inter-species origin. The observations and study were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The efficiency of leaf dressings of grafted grapes in a nursery was studied. The main criteria determining the effectiveness of agricultural practices were biometric indicators of plant development and the yield of grafted standard seedlings. As a result of the research, it was established that the foliar fertilization of grafted plants at an early stage of development with the Microel fertilizer activates the growth processes and promotes the development of the leaf surface. Non-rooting fertilization of Terraflex start increase in the yield of grafted seedlings in the nursery. It is noted that the introduction of fertilizers is a rational and cost-effective method, since with this method the grape plant more fully use the macro- and microelements contained in the fertilizers. A comparative analysis of the data obtained by us allows us to conclude that it is necessary to use a complex of microelements in addition to macronutrients in the technological cycle for the production of grafted seedlings of grapes

Annotation

The paper presents the results of scientific research on the properties of chernozem southern (chestnut) and sod-carbonate soils. A literary analysis of the history of these soils study and information on the geological structure are carried out. A morphological description of the chernozem soil profile of the southern carbonate super-heavy and heavy loam formed on loess-like loams along genetic horizons is given. In the course of the research work, it has been established that the predominant feature of the southern chernozem is the thickness of the humus layer, which is 120 cm. It allows to accumulate the water in the winter period and to keep a sufficient amount of available moisture in the summer months, which contributes to the formation of high yields of grapes even in the arid years. Low percentage of humus, with its significant reserves, in conjunction with the looseness of the soil, creates the optimal conditions for growth, and development of the grapes plant and high yields obtaining. A distinctive feature of sod-carbonate soils is the presence in the soil profile of rock fragments (stony and skeletal soil). Skeletal properties of the described soils vary from 15 % to 40 %. The skeleton affects the soil properties, both positively and negatively. The positive effect is as follows: a small skeleton in the heavy soils makes them more friable and improves the water and air permeability, increases in the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When the skeleton is destroyed, the soil is replenished with elements of the plant mineral nutrition: potassium, trace elements, etc. The negative effect is that the stones reduce the useful volume of the soil and the field moisture capacity and exert a mechanical obstacle in the treatment of the soil. The destruction of marl rocks leads to a sharp increase in the content of active forms of carbonates.

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The purpose of these study is the development of regulations for the use of plant growth regulators to accelerate ripening and improve the quality of grape varieties of Dagestan breeding. The object of research is the perspective grapes seed varieties of breeding of Dagestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture. Long-term research (1985-1999) on the influence of various physiologically active substances the development of generative organs of seed grapes varieties made it possible to develop the elements of technology for their use to produce seedless grape berries, and to accelerate the ripening and increase in the sugar accumulation in the berries. Some elements of the technology were tested in the production conditions of Dagestan. In this article, the results of research on the practical application of growth regulators on promising grapes seed varieties of DSTSV&H are presented. The mechanism of growth regulators action on the ripening of berries and sugar accumulation is presented. It is substantiated the promising, expediency and practical significance of the use of growth regulators to obtain the seedless production of seed varieties for example of classical and new varieties, that allow to obtain a crop with a higher sugar content at earlier periods. The study of practical application of growth regulators for promising seed grapes varieties of DSTSV&H breeding in the field conditions have been revealed their positive effect on bunch mass, which increased significantly in some varieties. Based on the results of carried out research, it was conjectured that varieties having in the genealogy the Agadai grapes in the maternal form are more promising for obtaining the high-quality seedless products with high commercial and economic value.

Annotation

The effect of biologically active substances � gibberellin (GA3), forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and streptomycin (Str) on mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics of seedless grapes Yuzhnoberezhnyi, Venera, Kishmish �-311 and Kishmish �-342 was studied at the conditions of the South Coast of the Crimea. The Yuzhnoberezhnyi cultivar of the Institute for Vine and Wine "Magarach" breeding was used as a model. It is established in the research process, that the GA3 increased in stem weight when it applied alone, the effect was reduced in combination with Str. It is demonstrated a considerable increase in bunch structure index and a decreased in berry index resulted from one treatment with CPPU alone. The highest tasting scores (8.0 and 8.1 points) were from experiments consisting of one and two treatments with GA3 alone. From the data obtained, it follows that the best treatment option for three introduced seedless grape varieties Ven�ra, Kishmish E-311 and Kishmish E-342 is a combination of preparations. This complex application of biologicaly activy substances led to the formation of larger berries in all studied varieties. According to the combination of positive signs of variability in the mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics, two variants of the experiment are distinguished: the treatment of grape plants with a solution of CPPU at a concentration of 20 mg / l after flowering, and also two-fold treatment of GA3 with 50 mg / l during mass flowering and after flowering, combined with a single treatment during a mass flowering CPPU 20 mg / l + Str 200 mg / l.

Annotation

The chemical composition of the wines is very diverse. It depends on the environmental conditions of grapes cultivation, variety and technological maturity of berries, and technology of primary and secondary wine-making. The most numerous group of grapes and wine compounds are aromatic substances, numbering more than 400 components. Depending on the quantitative predominance of different substances, the wine gets the predominant flavor. Substances in subthreshold concentrations are insensible, but in the combination with others they have a subtle bouquet. These substances can have an indirect effect the wine aroma according to a known synergistic effect. In order to study the aromatic complex and isolate the specific components of the wine aroma from Chardonnay clones grown in the Kuban region, we analyzed the long-term data of the volatile components of the wines from these clones in comparison with the prototype. The main groups of aromatic substances inherent in wines from studied clones are distinguished. The differences in aromatic wine composition from introduced Chardonnay clones and their prototype are founded. It has been established that the higher (aliphatic) alcohols predominate quantitatively in the aroma of the studied white dry wines from the Chardonnay grapes clones and constitute 53-60% of the total content of aromatic substances. Then the esters follows, which constitute up to 20 % of the amount of odorous substances. The sample from clone Chardonnay 95 was distinguished by the maximum accumulation of esters and higher alcohols. It had a fullness in taste, development of aroma and the highest tasting evaluation. At the same time, it recorded a low content of aliphatic acids � 8 % below control.

Annotation

One of the most common ways to counterfeit the red wines is to adjust the coloring of cheaper white wine materials with both synthetic food colors (indigocarmine, carmoazine, etc.) and natural colors (extracts of blueberries, currants, etc.). The color characteristics of juice and wine products vary considerably depending on the type of feedstock, the technology of production, and the composition of the blend. In this regard, some unscrupulous manufacturers often use cheaper fruit and berry raw materials for coloring of grape wines. The purpose of the present research was the comparative characteristics of the phenolic complex and the optical characteristics of genuine red wines and falsifiers obtained using natural and synthetic dyes. The objects of research were table wine materials from Cabernet-Sauvignon and Rkatsiteli grapes, juices and fruit extracts, a mixture of synthetic dyes. The impact of natural and synthetic colourants on the optical characteristics of wine-making materials has been studied. Variation ranges were obtained for physical-chemical and optical parameters of model test solutions in terms of their colour intensity variation. The relation between colour intensity and phenolic compounds content along with monomeric anthocyanins was established (r=0.96 and 0.94, respectively). It was demonstrated that monomeric anthocyanins were absent in the model systems that contained synthetic adulterated winemaking materials. It is the significant difference in the qualitative composition of native and adaltirative wine materials: the total phenolic compounds and colour intensity index colourants were much lower in the coloured samples as compared to the established and recommended values for authentic wines, that allow to use these indicators in a set of criteria for identifying adulteration of wine products.

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Adaptation of plants to non-sterile conditions is the last stage of reproduction in vitro and should be gradual in order to avoid the ruin of plants due to a sudden change in relative humidity, light and temperature. Rooting ex vitro allows to simplify this stage and simultaneously to obtain the plants adapted to natural conditions. The purpose of these study is to determine the optimal conditions for rhizogenesis and adaptation of blueberry micro shoots. Research was carried out in the Department of Biotechnology of the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Fruit Growing Institute" (Belarus). The material for the study was the regenerating plants of Northblue blueberry (V. angustifolium Ait. × V. corymbosum L.). As a result of carried out study, it was found that in vitro conditions the proportion of rooted regenerating plants of Northblue blueberry after four weeks of cultivation was 0-36.7 %, after eight week � the number of rooted regenerants increased to 63.3%. At the same time, a high frequency (100%) of callus formation was a negative phenomenon of blue berry rooting in vitro on media with IBA and IAA. On medium without auxin after 4 weeks, callus was absent, after 8 weeks � the frequency of callus formation was 36.7 %. After eight weeks of cultivation, the highest increasing of shoot's growth regenerating Northblue plants was on a nutrient medium with 0.3 mg / l IBA. The best length of the roots was obtained on nutrient medium with 1 mg / l IAA. Study have shown that the type of substrate affects growth (p