Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mozhar Nina
Articles in journal: (total 12)
In the overall system of measures aimed at increasing in the yield of orchards and their annual fruiting, it is of great importance to protect the industrial plantations from vermins and diseases dominant in the region. The main meth-od of combating of fruit plants diseases is the creating of resistant varieties that allow to reduce or completely eliminate the use of fungicides in the protection systems of fruit crops orchards. In the horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, almost every second summer is favorable for the development of such diseases of fruit plants as scab and spotting. During the period of our research the epiphytoty of these diseases were observed in 2015 and 2016. The purpose of the present research is to assess the susceptibility of pear va-rieties from the Collection's garden of the EPF Centralnoe (Krasnodar) to the scab, white and brown spots, to select the varieties that are resistant to these diseases and, in addition, with the high yield capacity and fruit quality. As a result of the study of the variety fund in the pomologic col-lection of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, were selected or created the pear varieties and forms, that are of interest for industrial cultivation and are used as initial forms in the further work on breeding for the resistant plants to scab. The selected varieties and forms have economically valuable characteristics and the high quality of fruits. It is noted that the use of genetically new varieties adapted to biotic and abiotic factors will allow to obtain the environmentally friendly fruit production, in particular pears, with considerable energy and labor saving when its cultivation.
Adaptive features of genotypes pear varieties to specific agroecological conditions are re-vealed. The analysis and selection of the va-rieties most adapted to is carried out is soil-environmental conditions a steppe zone, the grades possessing raised winter hardiness, good commodity and taste qualities of fruits, are recommended by reserved growth of a tree for production test.
The results of scientific research work on varieties studying of a pear in the North Caucasian Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. Data about features of development of new pear varieties are adduced. According to results of research the perspective varieties Velesa, Geya, Bere Krasnokutskaya, Skromnitsa etc. are allocated and they can be recommended for testing under the conditions of the South of Russia in the industrial and farmer production and in the personal subsidiary farms. The obtained results are interested to a preliminary estimate of perspective pear varieties under Krasnodar conditions. The new large-fruited varieties, with high flavoring fruits and commodity advantages, combined with a high agrical technology, can give the fruits yield to 30 t/hectare. It is shown that fruits of some pear varieties can be stored under the suitable conditions during all winter period. They can be cultivated at the lower pesticide loads.
To create the highly productive orchards, you must have the high-quality planting material. The quality of planting material, in turn, depends on the cuttings used for grafting, the quality of which is associated with the state of the uterine plants. The article, using for example the pear and quince varieties, shows the role of uterine cuttings in obtaining a healthy and productive planting material. It is noted that the quantitative yield of cuttings and their qualitative condition depend on the proper agricultural technique of growing uterine plants. The main purpose of the work was to create disease-free material, as well as to obtain clones of pear and quince varieties with valuable traits and properties of fruits, with restrained tree growth, resistance to diseases, increased winter and drought resistance. In this study, we needed to show on individual varieties the importance of selecting uterine trees, which cuttings are harvested, for buds grafting and obtaining the high-quality planting material in nurseries. To solve this problem (for three years), the clone selection was carried out, typical and highly productive pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and quince of Muscatnaya and Desertnaya were selected. In time with clone selection, plants were distinguished visually which were free of symptoms of disease and virus damage. In the work the laboratory and field method are used, studies were carried out according to programs and techniques, both generally accepted and new. As a result of the studies, uterine pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and Muscatnaya and Desertnaya quince varieties were recommended to obtain the planting material of pure varieties.